Prevalence of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases in an indigenous community in Santiago Atitlán, Guatemala / Prevalencia de los factores de riesgo de las enfermedades no transmisibles en una comunidad indígena de Santiago Atitlán, Guatemala

ABSTRACT Objective To describe the prevalence of noncommunicable disease (NCD) risk factors and assess knowledge of those risk factors in the indigenous community of Santiago Atitlán in Guatemala, a lower-middle income country. Methods A population-based, cross-sectional study was conducted using a modified version of the World Health Organization’s STEPS protocol. Adults aged 20–65 years were surveyed regarding demographics and NCD risk factors, and the survey was followed by anthropometric and biochemical measurements. Results Out of 501 screened individuals, 350 respondents were enrolled. The mean age was 36.7 years, and 72.3% were women. Over 90% reported earning less than US$ 65 per month. Almost 80% were stunted. Among women, 37.3% were obese and over three-quarters had central obesity. Over three-quarters of the entire group had dyslipidemia and 18.3% had hypertension, but only 3.0% had diabetes. Overall, 36.0% of participants met criteria for metabolic syndrome. There was no significant association between participants’ education and NCD risk factors except for an inverse association with obesity by percent body fat. Conclusions Santiago Atitlán is a rural, indigenous Guatemalan community with high rates of poverty and stunting coexisting alongside high rates of obesity, particularly among women. Additionally, high rates of hypertension and dyslipidemia were found, but a low rate of diabetes mellitus. Knowledge of NCDs and their risk factors was low, suggesting that educational interventions may be a high-yield, low-cost approach to combating NCDs in this community.

RESUMEN Objetivo Describir la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo de las enfermedades no transmisibles (ENT) y evaluar el conocimiento de esos factores de riesgo en la comunidad indígena de Santiago Atitlán en Guatemala, un país de ingresos medianos bajos. Métodos Se realizó un estudio transversal basado en la población usando una versión modificada del protocolo STEPS de mediciones físicas de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Se realizó una encuesta a adultos de 20 a 65 años de edad con respecto a algunas características demográficas y los factores de riesgo de las ENT; la encuesta fue seguida de mediciones antropométricas y bioquímicas. Resultados De las 501 personas encuestadas, se registraron 350 para el sondeo. La media de edad fue 36,7 años, y 72,3% eran mujeres. Más de 90% informó tener un ingreso inferior a los US$ 65 mensuales. Casi 80% padecía retraso del crecimiento. Entre las mujeres, 37,3% eran obesas y más de tres cuartas partes tenían obesidad central. Más de tres cuartas partes del grupo tenían dislipidemia y 18,3% tenían hipertensión, pero solo 3,0% tenía diabetes. En términos generales, 36,0% de los participantes satisfacía los criterios de síndrome metabólico. No se observó una asociación significativa entre el nivel de escolaridad de los participantes y los factores de riesgo de las ENT, excepto una asociación inversa con la obesidad por porcentaje de tejidos grasos. Conclusiones Santiago Atitlán es una comunidad indígena rural de Guatemala con tasas elevadas de pobreza y retraso del crecimiento, que coexisten con tasas altas de obesidad, en particular en las mujeres. Además, se encontraron tasas elevadas de hipertensión y dislipidemia, pero una tasa baja de diabetes mellitus. Se observó un conocimiento bajo de las ENT y sus factores de riesgo, lo que indica que las intervenciones educativas pueden ser un enfoque de alto rendimiento y bajo costo para combatir las ENT en esta comunidad.

Systematic training model for teaching, development and training of instructors in inguinal hernia treatment using the Lichtenstein technique. Hernia campaign 2014 & 2015. / Modelo de treinamento sistematizado para o ensino, desenvolvimento e formação de instrutores no tratamento da hérnia inguinal pela técnica de Lichtenstein. Mutirão da hérnia 2014 e 2015.

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the method of training and continuing education of 18 surgeons in 2014, and 28 surgeons in 2015, in the Holy Homes of Ribeirao Preto, Araraquara, Franca and San Carlos of São Paulo, in the performance of Lichtenstein inguinal herniorrhaphy, tutored by the Faculty of Medical Sciences of the São Paulo Holy Home and the organization HERNIA HELP - "Hernia Repair for the Underserved". Methods: the training was tutored and systematized through an active methodology of teaching and learning, aiming to offer competence, skills and attitudes, measured by a previously validated Qualification Form, qualifying leaders in trainees' improvement. Results: in 2014 the outcomes were: the difficulty of the case, direction, incision, dissection, mesh preparation, mesh cutting, mesh setting, closing, instruments, respect to tissues, flow, time and motion, and performance, all presented change in the general rating (p=0.000002); there was greater confidence in the execution of the procedure in 80% of trainees, considered "very valuable" in 93.3% of the interventions. In 2015, 28 surgeons were trained by ten surgeons previously qualified in 2014. The nerve identification rate, a relevant time the Lichtenstein technique, was 95.5% for the Iliohypogastric, 98.5% for the ilioinguinal and 89.4% for the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve. Conclusion: the applied teaching method is possible, reproducible, reliable and valid. The joint efforts offer enormous opportunity of directed education, reaching underserved populations, revealing the great teacher-student social responsibility.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar resultados do método de treinamento e educação continuada de 18 cirurgiões, em 2014, e 28 cirurgiões, em 2015, nas Santas Casas de Ribeirão Preto, Araraquara, Franca e São Carlos do Estado de São Paulo, na realização da Herniorrafia Inguinal à Lichtenstein, tutorados pela Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo e pela organização HERNIA HELP - "Hernia Repair for the Underserved". Métodos: treinamento tutorado e sistematizado, através de metodologia ativa de ensino e aprendizagem, visando a oferecer competência, habilidade e atitudes, auferidas por um Formulário de Qualificação previamente validado, qualificando líderes no aperfeiçoamento de treinandos. Resultados: em 2014, os desfechos foram: dificuldade do caso, direção, incisão, dissecção, preparo da tela, corte da tela, fixação da tela, fechamento, instrumentos, respeito aos tecidos, fluxo, tempo e movimento e desempenho, apresentaram mudança na Classificação Geral (p=0,000002); houve maior confiança na execução do procedimento em 80% dos treinandos, sendo considerado "Muito Valioso" em 93,3% das participações. Em 2015, os 28 cirurgiões foram treinados por dez cirurgiões previamente qualificados em 2014. A taxa de identificação dos nervos, tempo relevante da técnica de Lichtenstein, foi 95,5 % para o ílio-hipogástrico, 98,5% para o ilioinguinal e 89,4% para o ramo genital do nervo genitofemoral. Conclusão: o método de ensino aplicado é possível, reprodutível, confiável e válido. Os mutirões oferecem a enorme oportunidade do ensino, dirigido, atingindo populações carentes, revelando a grande responsabilidade social docente-discente.